数学

介绍

Math includes both built-in Python functions and the full math module, which is automatically available in VEXcode VR. These tools allow you to perform everything from basic arithmetic to advanced trigonometry, rounding, and logarithmic operations.

使用这些函数和常量可以计算机器人的位置、角度、距离和其他数值。您还可以进行角度和弧度之间的转换、计算表达式以及处理特殊值，例如无穷大和 NaN。

以下是可用的数学函数、常量和实用程序列表：

内置函数 – Python 中包含的常用数学工具。

• abs – Returns the absolute value of a number.

• round – Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.

• min – Returns the smallest of the input values.

• max – Returns the largest of the input values.

• sum – Adds up all values in an iterable.

• divmod – Returns the quotient and remainder as a tuple.

• pow – Raises a number to a power, optionally with a modulus.

• int – Converts a value to an integer.

• float – Converts a value to a floating-point number.

Constants – Predefined values from the math module.

• math.pi – The constant π (pi).

• math.tau – The constant tau (2π).

• math.e – Euler’s number, base of the natural log.

三角学——计算角度和边之间的关系。

• math.sin – Sine of an angle in radians.

• math.cos – Cosine of an angle in radians.

• math.tan – Tangent of an angle in radians.

• math.atan – Arctangent of a value in radians.

• math.atan2 – Arctangent of y/x in radians, considering the quadrant.

• math.asin – Arcsine of a value in radians.

• math.acos – Arccosine of a value in radians.

• math.degrees – Converts radians to degrees.

• math.radians – Converts degrees to radians.

舍入与绝对值 – 调整精度或方向。

• math.ceil – Rounds up to the nearest integer.

• math.floor – Rounds down to the nearest integer.

• math.trunc – Removes the decimal portion.

• math.fabs – Returns the absolute value as a float.

指数与对数——幂、根和对数计算。

• math.pow – Raises a number to a power.

• math.sqrt – Returns the square root.

• math.exp – Calculates e to the power of x.

• math.log – Natural logarithm (base e).

浮点运算——检查或分解浮点值。

• math.modf – Returns the fractional and integer parts of a float.

• math.frexp – Decomposes a number into mantissa and exponent.

• math.fmod – Remainder with sign of the dividend.

• math.copysign – Returns a value with the sign of another.

• math.ldexp – Computes x * (2 ** exp).

内置功能

Python 提供了几个内置函数，允许你在项目中执行数学运算。

abs

abs returns the absolute value of a number, removing any negative sign.

Usage:
abs(x)

范围	描述
x	整数或浮点数。

def main():
    # Get the absolute value of -10
    abs_result = abs(-10)
    brain.print(abs_result)

    # abs_result = 10

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

round

round rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places.

Usage:
round(x, ndigits)

范围	描述
x	整数或浮点数。
ndigits	可选。四舍五入到小数点后的位数。默认值为 0。

def main():
    # Round 5.7 to the nearest integer
    round_int_result = round(5.7)
    brain.print(round_int_result)

    # round_int_result = 6

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

def main():
    # Round 3.14159 to 2 decimal places
    round_result = round(3.14159, 2)
    brain.print(round_result, precision=2)

    # round_result = 3.14

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

min

min returns the smallest value from multiple arguments or an iterable.

Usage:
min(arg1, arg2, …) or min(sequence)

范围	描述
arg1, arg2, …	需要比较的数据。
sequence	包含数字的列表、元组或其他序列。

def main():
    # Get the smallest number from 3, 7, and 1
    min_result = min(3, 7, 1)
    brain.print(min_result)

    # min_result = 1

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

def main():
    # Get the smallest value from a list
    min_list_result = min([10, 4, 25, 1])
    brain.print(min_list_result)

    # min_list_result = 1

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

max

max returns the largest value from multiple arguments or an iterable.

Usage:
max(arg1, arg2, …) or max(sequence)

范围	描述
arg1, arg2, …	需要比较的数据。
sequence	包含数字的列表、元组或其他序列。

def main():
    # Get the largest number from 3, 7, and 1
    max_result = max(3, 7, 1)
    brain.print(max_result)

    # max_result = 7

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

def main():
    # Get the largest value from a list
    max_list_result = max([10, 4, 25, 1])
    brain.print(max_list_result)

    # max_list_result = 25

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

sum

sum adds up all values in an iterable, with an optional starting value.

Usage:
sum(sequence, start)

范围	描述
sequence	包含数字的列表、元组或其他序列。
start	可选。要添加到总和中的值。默认值为 0。

def main():
    # Calculate the sum of a list of numbers
    sum_result = sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
    brain.print(sum_result)

    # sum_result = 15

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

def main():
    # Calculate the sum of a list with a starting value of 10
    sum_with_start = sum([1, 2, 3], 10)
    brain.print(sum_with_start)

    # sum_with_start = 16

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

divmod

divmod returns a tuple containing the quotient and remainder of a division operation.

Usage:
divmod(a, b)

范围	描述
a	分红。
b	除数。

def main():
    # Perform integer division and remainder of 10 / 3
    divmod_result = divmod(10, 3)
    brain.print(divmod_result)

    # divmod_result = (3, 1)

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

pow

pow raises a number to a power and optionally performs a modulus operation.

Usage:
pow(x, y, mod)

范围	描述
x	基数。
y	指数。
mod	Optional. A modulus value. If provided, returns (x ** y) % mod.

def main():
    # Calculate 2 raised to the power of 3
    pow_result = pow(2, 3)
    brain.print(pow_result)

    # pow_result = 8

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

int

int converts a number or string into an integer. It also supports base conversion when converting from a string.

Usage:
int(x, base)

范围	描述
x	要转换的数字、字符串或其他对象。
base	可选。用于转换的数字基数。默认值为 10。

def main():
    # Convert a float to an integer to get rid of decimals
    price = 19.99
    price_int = int(price)
    brain.print("{} coins".format(price_int))

    # Output: 19 coins

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

def main():
    # Convert a string into an integer to use in calculations
    user_input = "55"
    user_number = int(user_input)
    brain.print(user_number * 2)

    # Output: 110

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

float

float converts a number or string into a floating-point number.

Usage:
float(x)

范围	描述
x	要转换的数字、字符串或其他对象。

def main():
    # Convert division result to a float
    num_apples = 6
    num_people = 2
    apples_per_person = float(num_apples) / num_people
    brain.print(apples_per_person)

    # Output: 3.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

def main():
    # Convert a string into a float to use in calculations
    user_input = "23.4"
    user_number = float(user_input)
    brain.print(user_number * 3)

    # Output: 70.20

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

数学模块

The math module in MicroPython provides additional methods for performing common mathematical calculations. These methods include trigonometric, logarithmic, and other numerical operations.

The math module is imported by default in VEXcode.

Constants

常量是预先定义好的值，在项目过程中保持不变。它们可以直接用于计算，无需任何定义或赋值。

π

pi gives the mathematical constant π, the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter.

Usage:
math.pi

def main():
    # Calculate the area of a circle with radius 5 using pi
    circle_area = math.pi * 5 * 5
    brain.print(circle_area, precision=2)

    # circle_area = 78.54

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

τ

tau gives the value of 2π.

Usage:
math.tau

def main():
    # Calculate the circumference of a circle with radius
    circumference = math.tau * 5
    brain.print(circumference, precision=2)

    # circumference = 31.42

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

e

e gives the base of the natural logarithm.

Usage:
math.e

def main():
    # Calculate e raised to the power of 2
    e_power = math.pow(math.e, 2)
    brain.print(e_power, precision=2)

    # e_power = 7.39

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

Trigonometry

罪

sin calculates the sine of an angle in radians and returns a float.

Usage:
math.sin(x)

范围	描述
x	表示弧度角度的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate the sine of 
    # 30 degrees in radians
    result = math.sin(math.radians(30))
    brain.print(result, precision=2)

    # result = 0.50

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

化学

cos calculates the cosine of an angle in radians and returns a float.

Usage:
math.cos(x)

范围	描述
x	表示弧度角度的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate the cosine of 
    # 60 degrees in radians
    result = math.cos(math.radians(60))
    brain.print(result, precision=2)

    # result = 0.50

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

棕褐色

tan calculates the tangent of an angle in radians and returns a float.

Usage:
math.tan(x)

范围	描述
x	表示弧度角度的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate the tangent of 
    # 45 degrees in radians
    result = math.tan(math.radians(45))
    brain.print(result, precision=2)

    # result = 1.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

阿坦

atan calculates the inverse tangent (arc tangent) of a number and returns a float representing the angle in radians.

Usage:
math.atan(x)

范围	描述
x	浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate the arc tangent 
    # of 1 in degrees
    arc_tan = math.atan(1.0)
    result = math.degrees(arc_tan)
    brain.print(result, precision=2)

    # result = 45.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

atan2

atan2 calculates the principal value of the inverse tangent of y/x and returns a float representing the angle in radians.

Usage:
math.atan2(y, x)

范围	描述
y	表示 y 坐标的浮点数或整数。
x	表示 x 坐标的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate the inverse tangent 
    # of 1/1 in degrees
    atan2 = math.atan2(1.0, 1.0)
    result = math.degrees(atan2)
    brain.print(result, precision=2)

    # result = 45.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

亚辛

asin calculates the inverse sine (arc sine) of a number and returns a float representing the angle in radians.

Usage:
math.asin(x)

范围	描述
x	介于 -1 和 1 之间的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate the arc sine 
    # of 0.5 in degrees
    result = math.degrees(math.asin(0.5))
    brain.print(result, precision=2)

    # result = 30.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

acos

acos calculates the inverse cosine (arc cosine) of a number and returns a float representing the angle in radians.

Usage:
math.acos(x)

范围	描述
x	介于 -1 和 1 之间的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate the arc cosine 
    # of 0.5 in degrees
    result = math.degrees(math.acos(0.5))
    brain.print(result, precision=2)

    # result = 60.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

学位

degrees converts an angle from radians to degrees.

Usage:
math.degrees(x)

范围	描述
x	表示弧度角度的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Convert pi radians to degrees
    degrees_result = math.degrees(math.pi)
    brain.print(degrees_result, precision=2)

    # degrees_result = 180.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

弧度

radians converts an angle from degrees to radians.

Usage:
math.radians(x)

范围	描述
x	表示角度的浮点数或整数，单位为度。

def main():
    # Convert 180 degrees to radians
    radians_result = math.radians(180)
    brain.print(radians_result, precision=2)

    # radians_result = 3.14

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

Rounding & Absolute Values

天花板

ceil rounds a number up to the nearest integer.

Usage:
math.ceil(x)

范围	描述
x	要向上取整的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Round 3.7 up to the nearest integer
    ceil_result = math.ceil(3.7)
    brain.print(ceil_result)

    # ceil_result = 4

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

地面

floor rounds a number down to the nearest integer.

Usage:
math.floor(x)

范围	描述
x	要向下取整的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Round 3.7 down to the nearest integer
    floor_result = math.floor(3.7)
    brain.print(floor_result)

    # floor_result = 3

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

截断

trunc removes the decimal part of a number without rounding.

Usage:
math.trunc(x)

范围	描述
x	待截断的浮点数。

def main():
    # Remove the decimal part of 3.7
    trunc_result = math.trunc(3.7)
    brain.print(trunc_result)

    # trunc_result = 3

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

工厂

fabs returns the absolute value of a number as a float.

Usage:
math.fabs(x)

范围	描述
x	浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Get the absolute value of -3.7
    fabs_result = math.fabs(-3.7)
    brain.print(fabs_result, precision=2)

    # fabs_result = 3.70

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

Exponents & Logarithms

火力

pow raises x to the power of y and returns a float, even if both inputs are integers.

Usage:
math.pow(x, y)

范围	描述
x	浮点数或整数作为基数。
y	浮点数或整数指数。

def main():
    # Calculate 2 raised to the power of 3
    power_result = math.pow(2, 3)
    brain.print(power_result, precision=2)

    # power_result = 8.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

平方根

sqrt calculates the square root of a number and returns a float, even for perfect squares.

Usage:
math.sqrt(x)

范围	描述
x	非负浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate the square root of 16
    sqrt_result = math.sqrt(16)
    brain.print(sqrt_result, precision=2)

    # sqrt_result = 4.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

经验

exp calculates the exponential of a number and returns a float.

Usage:
math.exp(x)

范围	描述
x	浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate e raised to the power of 1
    exp_result = math.exp(1)
    brain.print(exp_result, precision=2)

    # exp_result = 2.72

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

日志

log calculates the natural logarithm of a number and returns a float.

Usage:
math.log(x)

范围	描述
x	一个正浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate the natural logarithm
    # (base e) of 7.389056
    log_result = math.log(7.389056)
    brain.print(log_result, precision=2)

    # log_result = 2.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

10 行

log10 calculates the base 10 logarithm of a number and returns a float.

Usage:
math.log10(x)

范围	描述
x	一个正浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Calculate the log10 of 100
    log_result = math.log10(100)
    brain.print(log_result)

    # log_result = 2

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

Floating Point Operations

modf

modf decomposes a number into its fractional and integer parts and returns a tuple (fractional part, integer part), both as floats.

Usage:
math.modf(x)

范围	描述
x	要分解的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Decompose 3.14159 into fractional and integer parts
    fractional_part, integer_part = math.modf(3.14159)
    brain.print(fractional_part, precision=2)
    brain.new_line()
    brain.print(integer_part, precision=2)

    # fractional_part = 0.14
    # integer_part = 3.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

frexp

frexp decomposes a number into its mantissa and exponent and returns a tuple (mantissa, exponent), where the mantissa is a float and the exponent is an integer.

Usage:
math.frexp(x)

范围	描述
x	要分解的浮点数或整数。

def main():
    # Decompose 16 into its mantissa and exponent
    mantissa, exponent = math.frexp(16)
    brain.print(mantissa, precision=2)
    brain.new_line()
    brain.print(exponent)

    # mantissa = 0.50
    # exponent = 5

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

fmod

fmod returns the remainder of division while keeping the sign of the dividend (x).

Usage:
math.fmod(x, y)

范围	描述
x	分红。
y	除数。

def main():
    # Calculate remainder of 10 / 3
    # that preserves the sign of 10
    fmod_result = math.fmod(10, 3)
    brain.print(fmod_result, precision=2)

    # fmod_result = 1.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

版权签名

copysign returns x with the sign of y.

Usage:
math.copysign(x, y)

范围	描述
x	要修改的值。
y	要复制其符号的值。

def main():
    # Return -10 with the sign of 3 (positive)
    copysign_result = math.copysign(-10, 3)
    brain.print(copysign_result, precision=2)

    # copysign_result = 10.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)

ldexp

ldexp computes x * (2 ** exp), which is equivalent to x * 2exp{code}.

Usage:
math.ldexp(x, exp)

范围	描述
x	基准值。
exp	指数。

def main():
    # Compute 3 * (2 ** 4)
    ldexp_result = math.ldexp(3, 4)
    brain.print(ldexp_result, precision=2)

    # ldexp_result = 48.00

# VR threads — Do not delete
vr_thread(main)