变量#
介绍#
变量存储数据,并允许您在整个程序中重用和操作数据。Python 是一种动态类型语言,这意味着您无需显式声明变量的类型。相反,系统会根据赋值自动推断变量的类型。例如:
angle = 90 # angle is an integer
dist = "Distance: " # dist is a string
steps = 2.5 # steps is a float
Python 也是强类型的,这意味着如果不显式转换,就无法对不兼容的类型执行操作。例如:
blocks = 2 # blocks is an integer
rings = "4" # rings is a string
result = blocks + rings # Creates a TypeError
要解决此类问题,您必须明确转换类型(如果适用):
blocks = 2 # blocks is an integer
rings = "4" # rings is a string
# Convert rings to an integer before adding
result = int(rings) + blocks
此 API 解释了 Python 中常见的变量类型。虽然并非详尽无遗,但它涵盖了您在实际工作中最可能使用的类型。
局部变量 — 在函数内部声明,并且仅在该作用域内使用;最适合临时或隔离值。
全局变量 — 在任何函数外部声明,并在整个项目中使用;非常适合在函数之间共享数据。
整数 — 用于计数、距离或任何不带小数的整数。
Float — 带小数点的数字,用于精确测量或计算。
String — 文本值,用于消息、标签或显示可读输出。
Boolean —
TrueorFalsevalues for logic and decision-making.NoneType — 表示 Python 中不存在某个值。
范围 — 自动生成数字序列,最常用于循环中。
列表 — 可变的项目集合;适合存储对象或传感器读数等值组。
2D 列表 — 列表的列表;非常适合表示行、网格或表格状数据。
元组 — 不可更改的固定值序列;适用于分组的、不变的数据。
声明和分配变量#
To create a variable, simply assign a value to a name using the = operator:
distance = 100
命名变量时,必须遵守以下规则:
名称不能包含特殊字符(例如感叹号)。
名称不能以数字开头。
名称中不能使用空格。
该名称不能是 VEXcode 中的保留字(例如 Drivetrain)。
Local Variables#
局部变量是在函数或代码块内部定义的。它们只能在该函数或代码块的范围内访问,在其外部不可见。
def show_local():
# This variable only exists inside this function
message = "I'm local!"
brain.screen.print(message)
show_local()
局部变量通常用于存储仅与特定函数或程序部分相关的临时值。
Global Variables#
全局变量 定义在任何函数或块的外部。它们可以在程序的任何地方访问和读取,包括函数内部。
**注意:**全局变量可以在项目中的任何位置使用。这虽然方便,但也可能导致错误更难查找。如果变量值发生变化,您可能需要检查项目的多个部分才能找到变化的位置。如果只有一个函数需要某个值,请使用局部变量。
# The variable is defined outside a function
message = "I'm global!"
def show_global():
# You can access 'message' inside a function
brain.screen.print(message)
brain.screen.next_row()
show_global()
# And you can access 'message' outside a function
brain.screen.print(message)
By default, assigning a value to a variable inside a function creates a local variable. To modify a global variable inside a function, you must explicitly declare it using the global keyword.
# Define the global variable
count = 0
def increase_count():
# Use the global keyword to let you modify the
# global variable
global count
count = count + 1
brain.screen.print("Count: {}".format(count))
brain.screen.next_row()
increase_count()
increase_count()
数据类型#
Python 变量可以存储各种类型的数据,每种类型都适用于不同的用例。以下是最常用的类型:
Integer#
整数是正数或负数。
distance = 100
# Move the robot forward for the variable value in mm
drivetrain.drive_for(FORWARD, distance, MM)
# Add to the variable and move forward the new value,
# for 200mm total
wait(1, SECONDS)
distance = distance + 100
drivetrain.drive_for(FORWARD, distance, MM)
Float#
浮点数 是小数。
# Store a value with decimal points
raw_value = 0.88
# Print the decimal value as a percentage
brain.screen.print(raw_value * 100, "%")
String#
字符串是字符序列,通常用于文本。
# Set the variable to a string then print the string
message = "Ready!"
brain.screen.print(message)
Note: A string must always be enclosed within matching quotation marks, either single (’) or double (”). You can use either style, but the opening and closing marks must match.
Boolean#
A Boolean represents True or False values.
# Set the state of the variable
delivered = False
# Print different messages depending on the Boolean.
if delivered:
brain.screen.print("Package delivered!")
else:
brain.screen.print("Delivering...")
布尔值可以在项目的任何时候改变。
# Print the value of the delivered variable
delivered = True
brain.screen.print(delivered)
wait(2,SECONDS)
# Clear the screen and print the value of the variable again
brain.screen.clear_screen()
delivered = False
brain.screen.print(delivered)
NoneType#
NoneType 表示 Python 中不存在某个值。
# Write what the robot's task should be as a string
current_task = None
# Check if a task is assigned
if current_task is None:
brain.screen.print("No task!")
else:
brain.screen.print("Task: {}".format(current_task))
Range#
范围 是一系列数字,常用于循环中生成数字序列。其格式如下:
range(start, stop, step)
成分 |
描述 |
|---|---|
|
可选。起始值包含起始值(序列从此处开始)。默认值为 0。 |
|
停止值是唯一的(序列在此数字之前停止)。 |
|
可选。此步长决定每个数字增加(或减少)的幅度。默认值为 1。 |
# Drive and turn 4 times to move in a square
for index in range(4):
drivetrain.drive_for(FORWARD, 100, MM)
drivetrain.turn_for(RIGHT, 90)
# Count by 2 starting at 1 and ending before 12
for index in range(1, 12, 2):
# Print the values on the screen with each loop
brain.screen.print(index)
brain.screen.next_row()
List#
A list stores a group of items in one variable. You can add items, remove items, change items, or use each item one at a time in your project. Lists are useful when you want to keep related values together, like sensor readings, colors, or object names. Lists are created using square brackets [].
# Define a list of colors
colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Purple"]
# Repeat for the number of items in the colors list
for index in colors:
# Print each color in order
brain.screen.print(index)
brain.screen.next_row()
Use append to add items to a list.
# Define a list of colors
colors = ["Red", "Green", "Blue", "Purple"]
# Append a new color to the list
colors.append("Yellow")
# Repeat for the number of items in the colors list
for index in colors:
# Print each color in order
brain.screen.print(index)
brain.screen.next_row()
2D List#
二维列表,又称列表的列表,通常用于表示网格、表格或矩阵。每个子列表代表一行或一组特定的数据。
# Assign the values in the matrix 2D list
matrix = [
["A", 1, "Red"],
["B", 2, "Orange"],
["C", 3, "Yellow"]
]
# Loop through each row
for row in matrix:
# Loop through each column in the row
for element in row:
brain.screen.print(element, ", ")
brain.screen.next_row()
您可以修改二维列表中的特定元素甚至整个子列表:
# Assign the values in the matrix 2D list
matrix = [
["A", 1, "Red"],
["B", 2, "Orange"],
["C", 3, "Yellow"]
]
# Modify the color (in column 2) in row 0
matrix[0][2] = "Blue"
# Print the modified row from the matrix 2D list
brain.screen.print(matrix[0])
Tuple#
元组是一组元素的序列,创建后不能更改。它们通常用于将相关的值组合在一起。
# Define a tuple
set_1 = (100, "Left")
# Print the tuple
brain.screen.print(set_1)
Tuples are created using parentheses () rather than square brackets [].